Cooking
=======

Brazier
-------

Braziers were made since antiquity using ceramics or metals - bronze, iron, brass, silver.
Al-Andalus muslim civilization used braziers made of limestone and other noble stones [CDAH]_.

Braziers were used for home heating, crafting wax figurine in 
[CSMT]_ cantiga 118-2 :numref:`fig3.15`, 
candles in [CSMF]_ cantiga [CITATION_NEEDED]_. 

According to [CITATION_NEEDED]_ wikipedia, charcoal pieces were put inside a
brazier, which was then covered by a piece of cloth. 
The brazier was then put under table to heat dining people from below.

Braziers are depicted 15 times in [LAMG]_ (:numref:`fig3.1`, :numref:`fig3.2`).

14th century Catalan iron brazier :numref:`fig3.14` can be seen in Museu Episcopal de Vic, Barcelona.

Extant silver-inlaid brass brazier of Egyptian sultan al-Malik al-Muzaffar Shams al-Din Yusuf ibn ‘Umar, 1250-1290 with dimensions 35x39x42cm can be seen at :numref:`fig3.3`.

Grate
-----

**TODO**

Spit-roast
----------

Spit roast is depicted in [RLHG]_, folio 19b (:numref:`fig3.4`).

Pan
---

[CSMT]_ 157-2 displays frying doughnuts on pan with large handle, tripod,
knife, cauldron, handle, suspension chain, hook, travelling water/wine skins
(:numref:`fig3.5`).

Pan was sculpted between 1160-1180AD at Iglesia de Santiago, Carrión de los Condes :numref:`fig3.25`.

Cauldron
--------

Cauldrons were made from cast bronze, brass or iron.

Riveted cauldron can be seen in [CSMT]_ 56 (:numref:`fig3.6`). 
Cauldron with handle is in [CSMT]_ 68 (:numref:`fig3.7`).
Multiple cauldrons are depicted in [CSMT]_ 159-3 (:numref:`fig3.8`).
[GLHG]_ shows cauldron in the kitchen (:numref:`fig3.9`).

Bodleian bowl, held in Ashmolean Museum, is a sample of cauldron of jewish origin from 1257, Paris, France :numref:`fig3.16`.

Another cauldron of southern France or Netherlands origins is held at Metropolitan Museum of Arts :numref:`fig3.17`.

Andalusian brass bucket from Granada, Alhambra, dates to 14th century :numref:`fig3.18`.

..
  buckets and cauldrons bronze egypt 13/14th century
  dictionary entries: bucket, kettle, cauldron, caldero, metal pot

Tripod
------

Cooking on cauldron hanging on chain from tripod can be seen in CSMT 95a (:numref:`fig3.10`).
Another depiction is in CSMT 111 (:numref:`fig3.11`).

Pottery - Tagine
----------------

Pottery - Other pots
--------------------

Whetstone
---------

Whetstone usage is shown at [LAMG]_ folio 4v (:numref:`fig3.12`).

Cooking Knife
-------------

Cooking knives are depicted in [CSMT]_ cantigas 
157-2 :numref:`fig3.5`,
157-5 :numref:`fig4.16`,
159-1 :numref:`fig4.17`.

Cooking Fork
------------

* http://www.larsdatter.com/cutlery.htm
* https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1987.210

Stylus-like fork is depicted in Cantiga 157-1 (:numref:`fig3.13`)

Hook
----

Cooking or butcher hooks are depicted in [CSMT]_ cantiga 
95a-3 :numref:`fig3.10`, 
111-3 :numref:`fig3.11`, 
157-1 :numref:`fig3.13`, 
157-2 :numref:`fig3.5`, 
159-6 :numref:`fig3.23`.

Mortar
------

Wooden, stone, ceramic and bronze mortars were in use.

[LADT]_ folio 31r provides insight into apothecary with mortar and pestle :numref:`fig3.19`.

Andalusian bronze mortar from Monzón de Campos, Palencia, is dated to 12th century :numref:`fig3.20`, :numref:`fig3.21`.

[ORTEGA]_ lists ceramic decorated mortars in 14th century findings from Teruel :numref:`fig3.22`.

Ceramic mortar from 11-15th century was found during excavations in Málaga :numref:`fig3.24`.

Skewer
------

Scoop
-----

Apron
-----

[GLHG]_ shows apron used in the kitchen (:numref:`fig3.9`).