7. Cooking

7.1. Brazier

Braziers were made since antiquity using ceramics or metals - bronze, iron, brass, silver. Al-Andalus muslim civilization used braziers made of limestone and other noble stones [CDAH].

Braziers were used for home heating, crafting wax figurine in [CSMT] cantiga 118-2 Fig. 11.54, candles in [CSMF] cantiga [CITATION_NEEDED].

According to [CITATION_NEEDED] wikipedia, charcoal pieces were put inside a brazier, which was then covered by a piece of cloth. The brazier was then put under table to heat dining people from below.

Braziers are depicted 15 times in [LAMG] (Fig. 11.40, Fig. 11.41).

14th century Catalan iron brazier Fig. 11.53 can be seen in Museu Episcopal de Vic, Barcelona.

Extant silver-inlaid brass brazier of Egyptian sultan al-Malik al-Muzaffar Shams al-Din Yusuf ibn ‘Umar, 1250-1290 with dimensions 35x39x42cm can be seen at Fig. 11.42.

7.2. Grate

TODO

7.3. Spit-roast

Spit roast is depicted in [RLHG], folio 19b (Fig. 11.43).

7.4. Pan

[CSMT] 157-2 displays frying doughnuts on pan with large handle, tripod, knife, cauldron, handle, suspension chain, hook, travelling water/wine skins (Fig. 11.44).

Pan was sculpted between 1160-1180AD at Iglesia de Santiago, Carrión de los Condes Fig. 11.64.

7.5. Cauldron

Cauldrons were made from cast bronze, brass or iron.

Riveted cauldron can be seen in [CSMT] 56 (Fig. 11.45). Cauldron with handle is in [CSMT] 68 (Fig. 11.46). Multiple cauldrons are depicted in [CSMT] 159-3 (Fig. 11.47). [GLHG] shows cauldron in the kitchen (Fig. 11.48).

Bodleian bowl, held in Ashmolean Museum, is a sample of cauldron of jewish origin from 1257, Paris, France Fig. 11.55.

Another cauldron of southern France or Netherlands origins is held at Metropolitan Museum of Arts Fig. 11.56.

Andalusian brass bucket from Granada, Alhambra, dates to 14th century Fig. 11.57.

7.6. Tripod

Cooking on cauldron hanging on chain from tripod can be seen in CSMT 95a (Fig. 11.49). Another depiction is in CSMT 111 (Fig. 11.50).

7.7. Pottery - Tagine

7.8. Pottery - Other pots

7.9. Whetstone

Whetstone usage is shown at [LAMG] folio 4v (Fig. 11.51).

7.10. Cooking Knife

Cooking knives are depicted in [CSMT] cantigas 157-2 Fig. 11.44, 157-5 Fig. 11.80, 159-1 Fig. 11.81.

7.11. Cooking Fork

• http://www.larsdatter.com/cutlery.htm
• https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1987.210

Stylus-like fork is depicted in Cantiga 157-1 (Fig. 11.52)

7.12. Hook

Cooking or butcher hooks are depicted in [CSMT] cantiga 95a-3 Fig. 11.49, 111-3 Fig. 11.50, 157-1 Fig. 11.52, 157-2 Fig. 11.44, 159-6 Fig. 11.62.

7.13. Mortar

Wooden, stone, ceramic and bronze mortars were in use.

[LADT] folio 31r provides insight into apothecary with mortar and pestle Fig. 11.58.

Andalusian bronze mortar from Monzón de Campos, Palencia, is dated to 12th century Fig. 11.59, Fig. 11.60.

[ORTEGA] lists ceramic decorated mortars in 14th century findings from Teruel Fig. 11.61.

Ceramic mortar from 11-15th century was found during excavations in Málaga Fig. 11.63.

7.14. Skewer

7.15. Scoop

7.16. Apron

[GLHG] shows apron used in the kitchen (Fig. 11.48).